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Objective: To identify whether positive, negative, or zero work is being done, to identify the force that is doing the work, and to describe the energy transformation associated with such work.

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Voltage-Current-Resistance

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Analyze some details about the design of the two experiments.

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Use the collected data to identify the equation relating the three variables, to extrapolate from the data, and to make predictions.

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Analyze the results of the experiments and identify the relationships between variables.

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Voltage, Current, and Resistance An electric circuit involves the flow of charge through a complete, conducting loop. The quantity current refers to the rate at which charge flows past a point. The electric potential describes the amount of electrical energy possessed by a unit of charge at any location on the circuit. Because it is expressed with the unit volt, it is commonly referred to as the voltage. Resistors are circuit components that can be wired into the circuit to hinder the flow of charge. The amount of hindrance offered by a resistor is known as the resistance. A group of students conduct the following experiments to determine the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Experiment 1 A 100-ohm resistor is connected to a battery pack containing four D cells. An ammeter is used to determine the current. A voltmeter is used to measure the voltage drop across the resistor. The students make measurements of current and voltage drop with varying number of cells in the battery pack. The results are shown in Table 1. Experiment 2 The students repeat Experiment 1 using a 56-ohm resistor in place of the 100-ohm resistor. The results of their study are shown in Table 2. The students plotted voltage vs. current for the two resistors. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the slopes (m) and the regression constant (COR). The COR indicates the amount of agreement between the plotted points and the regression line. The plots are shown in Figure 1. Other lab groups within the class conducted the same experiment. The teacher pooled the class data, providing a slope and COR of the voltage vs. current plots for six different resistors. The data are shown in Table 3.

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Each Science Reasoning task is based on a passage or story that presents data and information or describes an experiment or phenomenon. Students must combine an understanding of science content and science reasoning skills (science practices) to answer questions about the passage or story. Tap anywhere to view the passage.

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Stopping Distance One aspect of safe driving involves the ability to stop a car readily. This ability depends upon the driver's alertness and readiness to stop, the conditions of the road, the speed of the car, and the braking characteristics of the car. The actual distance it takes to stop a car consists of two parts - the reaction distance and braking distance. When a driver sees an event in his/her field of view that might warrant braking (for example, a dog running into the street), a collection of actions must be taken before the braking actually begins. First the driver must identify the event and decide if braking is necessary. Then the driver must lift his/her foot off the gas pedal and move it to the brake pedal. And finally, the driver must press the brake down its full distance in order to obtain maximum braking acceleration. The time to do all this is known as the reaction time. The distance traveled during this time is known as the reaction distance. Once the brakes are applied, the car begins to slow to a stop. The distance traveled by the car during this time is known as the braking distance. The braking distance is dependent upon the original speed of the car, the road conditions, and characteristics of the car such as its profile area, mass and tire conditions. Figure 1 shows the stopping distance for a Toyota Prius on dry pavement resulting from a 0.75-second reaction time. The reaction time of the driver is highly dependent upon the alertness of the driver. Small changes in reaction time can have a large effect upon the total stopping distance. Table 1 shows the reaction distance, braking distance, and total stopping distance for a Toyota Prius with an original speed of 50.0 mi/hr and varying reaction times.

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